WOLVES & CARIBOU
About Caribou in Alberta
Woodland caribou are the larger cousins to the more well known tundra caribou or reindeer that are found in Canada’s northern boreal forest.
Historically, woodland caribou in Alberta have populated two thirds of the province.
Since the 1900s, woodland caribou populations have suffered two major declines in population - one in the late 1940s and once again in the 1970s. Since this last decline, woodland caribou populations have still not been able to recover.
Alberta is home to over 3000 caribou in 13 distinct populations.
Of these 13 remaining populations, most are in decline and several are at immediate risk of extirpation.
Woodland caribou are a resilient species, however they are extremely sensitive to environmental disturbances and they thrive in intact forests. Woodland caribou populations also indicate how other species in the area are surviving and coping to disturbance.
Status of Woodland Caribou in Canada: Threatened under Canada’s Species at Risk Act Public Registry
Status of Woodland Caribou in Alberta: Threatened under the Fish and Wildlife Act, 1985. The Alberta Wildlife Act designates Woodland caribou as a threatened species due to the decline in their distribution and their low numbers resulting from direct habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation.
See Article: Alberta, B.C. caribou need immediate intervention to survive, federal government says
Woodland caribou are the larger cousins to the more well known tundra caribou or reindeer that are found in Canada’s northern boreal forest.
Historically, woodland caribou in Alberta have populated two thirds of the province.
Since the 1900s, woodland caribou populations have suffered two major declines in population - one in the late 1940s and once again in the 1970s. Since this last decline, woodland caribou populations have still not been able to recover.
Alberta is home to over 3000 caribou in 13 distinct populations.
Of these 13 remaining populations, most are in decline and several are at immediate risk of extirpation.
Woodland caribou are a resilient species, however they are extremely sensitive to environmental disturbances and they thrive in intact forests. Woodland caribou populations also indicate how other species in the area are surviving and coping to disturbance.
Status of Woodland Caribou in Canada: Threatened under Canada’s Species at Risk Act Public Registry
Status of Woodland Caribou in Alberta: Threatened under the Fish and Wildlife Act, 1985. The Alberta Wildlife Act designates Woodland caribou as a threatened species due to the decline in their distribution and their low numbers resulting from direct habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation.
See Article: Alberta, B.C. caribou need immediate intervention to survive, federal government says
Habitat loss, clear cutting
Cause of Woodland Caribou Decline:
Due to years of continued and expanded industrial activities and developmental pressures (logging of old growth forests, mining pits, clear cutting forests for pulp and paper mills, oil and gas exploration and infrastructure for gas wells that requires forests be cut for seismic lines, pipeline routing, access to sites, and pumping stations) very little intact habitat is left in Alberta that can sustain Woodland caribou populations.
The impact of habitat loss:
- Loss of old-growth forests - prime caribou habitat - including the loss of old growth lichen which is 70% of caribou diet. When old growth tree stands are logged, it takes decades before conditions are suitable for caribou to return.
- Fragmented habitat due to seismic lines, power lines, pipelines, and roads. Industrial activities in caribou habitat does not happen without the formation of roads to access areas to extract natural resources. Extensive seismic cut-lines are also present in areas where there is resource extraction and/or exploration. Seismic lines and roads impact caribou in a number of ways: Studies have shown that caribou often avoid seismic lines from at least 250 meters away, which in turn, reduces the amount of habitat on either side of that line. Roads and cut-lines provide increased and easier access to caribou by humans, predators and ungulate competitors, which in turn, has lead to increased decline in caribou numbers due to competition, harassment, predation. See photos of Seismic cut lines HERE
- Landscape changes due to industrial activities make the landscape more suitable and attractive for caribou competitors (moose and elk). Studies have shown that elk have run caribou off of scarce winter ranges which makes caribou vulnerable to starvation. Additionally, moose draw in predators like wolves and bears to areas of habitat that they have previously not been present in, leading to increased predation of caribou.
- Habitat loss increases predation, which increases mortality. Roads and cut-lines provide easier access for predators into caribou territory. It also provides easier access for moose and elk and other ungulates into caribou habitat in which predators follow which make caribou another target for predators. Additionally, caribou population density increases when herds are forced into smaller areas of habitat when that habitat decreases. As caribou density increases, they can be detected by predators easier.
Other factors that may lead to caribou decline:
Climate change, forest fires, natural pests, hunting and poaching, noise and light disturbance from industry, and parasites and diseases may also be contributing to declining caribou populations. “That’s another hidden twist in all of this,” he said. “There’s a very real possibility that the changing climate for the southern distribution of caribou in Alberta has created a situation where we have deer now being a full-fledged part of the system, which means higher numbers of wolves, which in turn means caribou can‘t coexist there.” - Stan Boutin (University of Calgary conservation biologist)
Due to years of continued and expanded industrial activities and developmental pressures (logging of old growth forests, mining pits, clear cutting forests for pulp and paper mills, oil and gas exploration and infrastructure for gas wells that requires forests be cut for seismic lines, pipeline routing, access to sites, and pumping stations) very little intact habitat is left in Alberta that can sustain Woodland caribou populations.
The impact of habitat loss:
- Loss of old-growth forests - prime caribou habitat - including the loss of old growth lichen which is 70% of caribou diet. When old growth tree stands are logged, it takes decades before conditions are suitable for caribou to return.
- Fragmented habitat due to seismic lines, power lines, pipelines, and roads. Industrial activities in caribou habitat does not happen without the formation of roads to access areas to extract natural resources. Extensive seismic cut-lines are also present in areas where there is resource extraction and/or exploration. Seismic lines and roads impact caribou in a number of ways: Studies have shown that caribou often avoid seismic lines from at least 250 meters away, which in turn, reduces the amount of habitat on either side of that line. Roads and cut-lines provide increased and easier access to caribou by humans, predators and ungulate competitors, which in turn, has lead to increased decline in caribou numbers due to competition, harassment, predation. See photos of Seismic cut lines HERE
- Landscape changes due to industrial activities make the landscape more suitable and attractive for caribou competitors (moose and elk). Studies have shown that elk have run caribou off of scarce winter ranges which makes caribou vulnerable to starvation. Additionally, moose draw in predators like wolves and bears to areas of habitat that they have previously not been present in, leading to increased predation of caribou.
- Habitat loss increases predation, which increases mortality. Roads and cut-lines provide easier access for predators into caribou territory. It also provides easier access for moose and elk and other ungulates into caribou habitat in which predators follow which make caribou another target for predators. Additionally, caribou population density increases when herds are forced into smaller areas of habitat when that habitat decreases. As caribou density increases, they can be detected by predators easier.
Other factors that may lead to caribou decline:
Climate change, forest fires, natural pests, hunting and poaching, noise and light disturbance from industry, and parasites and diseases may also be contributing to declining caribou populations. “That’s another hidden twist in all of this,” he said. “There’s a very real possibility that the changing climate for the southern distribution of caribou in Alberta has created a situation where we have deer now being a full-fledged part of the system, which means higher numbers of wolves, which in turn means caribou can‘t coexist there.” - Stan Boutin (University of Calgary conservation biologist)
What is Being Done?
The management of all wildlife in the province (aside from wildlife living on federal lands) is the responsibility of the provincial government. Woodland caribou management is directed, in general, by the Wildlife Act, and more specifically by a series of management plans.
The impact of habitat loss on caribou populations in Alberta and the need for action have been recognized since the early 1970s and, according to Alberta Wilderness Association: "The conservation community, including provincial biologists, has recognized the need to protect this species since the 1940s". Despite this, the response from the government has not only been inaction, but continued approval of new development in areas where caribou are at risk and no plan for species recovery.
History:
Over the past thirty years, Alberta has attempted to address the recovery of woodland caribou populations by formulating several management plans (plans were produced in 1986, 1993, 1996 and 2005) and committees to address the population decline, however very little has been done to actually protect caribou habitat - the main thing causing their decline. Most of the recommendations made from these past plans were shelved and arbitrarily forgotten and caribou numbers have continued to decline. Instead, the government has focused caribou "recovery" efforts on wolf culls all the while oil, gas, timber, recreation activities, etc — the core cause of caribou decline — have continued and accelerated for 30 years. As a result, despite repeated recommendations and studies, caribou continue to vanish from the landscape as industrial and other activities persist. A few statistics/statements from various sources:
"A four-year study led by Samuel Wasser, director of the Center for Conservation Biology at the University of Washington found in 2011 that the caribou in the area were more threatened by habitat loss because of oil and gas development than they were by wolves."
"It is illustrative that in adopting the Alberta Woodland Caribou Recovery Plan 2004/05 to 2013/14, the Ministry specifically rejected the Plan’s central recommendation (in Section 7.2) of a “moratorium on further mineral and timber allocations on specific caribou ranges,” thus ignoring the most essential component of caribou recovery."
" At last count (2011) there were 34,773 wells, 66,489 kilometres of seismic lines, 11,591 km of pipelines and 12,283 km of roads associated with resource development in caribou country."
" Dave Ealey of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development acknowledged to The Canadian Press that 50 new wells were drilled and more than 10 kilometers of new roads built between last April and November. Despite guidelines suggesting new wells overlap existing ones to reduce environmental impacts, two-thirds of them did not,” said Ealey. "There's still certainly a fair bit of activity going on." (Canadian Press, 2008)"
See Article: Extensive New Gas Wells in Endangered Little Smoky Caribou Habitat Show Weakness of Alberta Caribou Plan (August 2, 2017)
See Article: Scientists have assembled research exposing industry denial of disappearing caribou
By Carl Meyer in News, Politics | June 27th 2018
See Article: Threatened caribou further endangered: Suppressed audit shows Oil and Gas Commission undermining provincial efforts to save species
Caribou Range Planning
Under the Federal Government's Recovery Strategy, the government of Alberta is obligated, to provide strong, scientifically-sound range plans for all of Alberta's boreal woodland caribou herds. Under the federal Species At Risk Act, the province must preserve 65 per cent of critical caribou habitat by October 2017.
In 2014, for the second time in 10 years, the government of Alberta committed to developing a series of plans that would ensure the future of Alberta’s struggling caribou herds. The Little Smoky and A la Peche caribou herds, located in West Central Alberta were first on the list due to the severity of decline in herd numbers. The Little Smoky herd faces the highest loss of their habitat in all of Alberta with almost 95% of their home being disturbed and fragmented by roads, seismic lines, oil and gas well pads, and forestry cut blocks, leaving them with no where to take cover.
To stabilize the herd’s population, the government's solution has been to cull wolves in the range -- a management practice that is impractical, unsustainable, and scientifically questionable. Meanwhile, still not addressing the main issue of decline - habitat loss and degradation.
In June 2016, The Alberta government released draft range plans for the Little Smoky and A La Peche caribou ranges and had requested public comments and input via surveys and public online engagement. See the draft range plan below:
The management of all wildlife in the province (aside from wildlife living on federal lands) is the responsibility of the provincial government. Woodland caribou management is directed, in general, by the Wildlife Act, and more specifically by a series of management plans.
The impact of habitat loss on caribou populations in Alberta and the need for action have been recognized since the early 1970s and, according to Alberta Wilderness Association: "The conservation community, including provincial biologists, has recognized the need to protect this species since the 1940s". Despite this, the response from the government has not only been inaction, but continued approval of new development in areas where caribou are at risk and no plan for species recovery.
History:
Over the past thirty years, Alberta has attempted to address the recovery of woodland caribou populations by formulating several management plans (plans were produced in 1986, 1993, 1996 and 2005) and committees to address the population decline, however very little has been done to actually protect caribou habitat - the main thing causing their decline. Most of the recommendations made from these past plans were shelved and arbitrarily forgotten and caribou numbers have continued to decline. Instead, the government has focused caribou "recovery" efforts on wolf culls all the while oil, gas, timber, recreation activities, etc — the core cause of caribou decline — have continued and accelerated for 30 years. As a result, despite repeated recommendations and studies, caribou continue to vanish from the landscape as industrial and other activities persist. A few statistics/statements from various sources:
"A four-year study led by Samuel Wasser, director of the Center for Conservation Biology at the University of Washington found in 2011 that the caribou in the area were more threatened by habitat loss because of oil and gas development than they were by wolves."
"It is illustrative that in adopting the Alberta Woodland Caribou Recovery Plan 2004/05 to 2013/14, the Ministry specifically rejected the Plan’s central recommendation (in Section 7.2) of a “moratorium on further mineral and timber allocations on specific caribou ranges,” thus ignoring the most essential component of caribou recovery."
" At last count (2011) there were 34,773 wells, 66,489 kilometres of seismic lines, 11,591 km of pipelines and 12,283 km of roads associated with resource development in caribou country."
" Dave Ealey of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development acknowledged to The Canadian Press that 50 new wells were drilled and more than 10 kilometers of new roads built between last April and November. Despite guidelines suggesting new wells overlap existing ones to reduce environmental impacts, two-thirds of them did not,” said Ealey. "There's still certainly a fair bit of activity going on." (Canadian Press, 2008)"
See Article: Extensive New Gas Wells in Endangered Little Smoky Caribou Habitat Show Weakness of Alberta Caribou Plan (August 2, 2017)
See Article: Scientists have assembled research exposing industry denial of disappearing caribou
By Carl Meyer in News, Politics | June 27th 2018
See Article: Threatened caribou further endangered: Suppressed audit shows Oil and Gas Commission undermining provincial efforts to save species
Caribou Range Planning
Under the Federal Government's Recovery Strategy, the government of Alberta is obligated, to provide strong, scientifically-sound range plans for all of Alberta's boreal woodland caribou herds. Under the federal Species At Risk Act, the province must preserve 65 per cent of critical caribou habitat by October 2017.
In 2014, for the second time in 10 years, the government of Alberta committed to developing a series of plans that would ensure the future of Alberta’s struggling caribou herds. The Little Smoky and A la Peche caribou herds, located in West Central Alberta were first on the list due to the severity of decline in herd numbers. The Little Smoky herd faces the highest loss of their habitat in all of Alberta with almost 95% of their home being disturbed and fragmented by roads, seismic lines, oil and gas well pads, and forestry cut blocks, leaving them with no where to take cover.
To stabilize the herd’s population, the government's solution has been to cull wolves in the range -- a management practice that is impractical, unsustainable, and scientifically questionable. Meanwhile, still not addressing the main issue of decline - habitat loss and degradation.
In June 2016, The Alberta government released draft range plans for the Little Smoky and A La Peche caribou ranges and had requested public comments and input via surveys and public online engagement. See the draft range plan below:
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More info on the draft plans below:
Alberta's Action on Caribou Alberta Caribou Management Little Smoky and A La Peche Ranges | ||
Concerns with the 2016 Draft Caribou Range Plan in Regards to the Little Smoky and A La Peche Ranges
- Failure to adequately restrict forest harvest within the range - proposing that more old forest be removed & fragmented in the next few years by allowing logging to restart and prohibiting limits on fracking-related land disturbance.
- Continued allowance of new petroleum and natural gas lease sales and new oil and gas disturbance within a range that is over 95% disturbed
- Does not explain how Alberta will achieve the federal recommendation of 65% undisturbed habitat
- Monitoring timelines and management strategies are vague
- Relies on management methods that are unethical and controversial (wolf culls, moose/elk/deer culls, caribou penning) rather than focusing on habitat recovery:
- Failure to adequately restrict forest harvest within the range - proposing that more old forest be removed & fragmented in the next few years by allowing logging to restart and prohibiting limits on fracking-related land disturbance.
- Continued allowance of new petroleum and natural gas lease sales and new oil and gas disturbance within a range that is over 95% disturbed
- Does not explain how Alberta will achieve the federal recommendation of 65% undisturbed habitat
- Monitoring timelines and management strategies are vague
- Relies on management methods that are unethical and controversial (wolf culls, moose/elk/deer culls, caribou penning) rather than focusing on habitat recovery:
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WOLF CULLS
For seven years the Alberta government used aerial gunning and a widely- banned poison, strychnine, in an effort to save the Little Smoky caribou herd from wolves. Between 2006 and 2011, the government of Alberta spent more than one million dollars poisoning wolves with strychnine and shooting them from the air. Wolf culls are on to continue as stated in the 2016 range plan with taxpayer supported “aerial shooting, trapping, and toxicants”. The program killed 841 wolves (154 by poisoning) as well as accidentally poisoning at least 6 lynx, 31 foxes, 91 ravens, 36 coyotes, 4 fishers, 8 martens, and 4 weasels. Unfortunately, the government allowed further habitat fragmentation by the forest and energy industry during those same seven years. There is now less caribou habitat than ever and the study was clear that repeated mass killing of wolves does not work. As stated in the research article by Dave Hervieux, Mark Hebblewhite, Dave Stepnisky, Michelle Bacon and Stan Boutin titled "Managing wolves (Canis lupus) to recover threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Alberta” in the Canadian Journal of Zoology (CJZ): "Although the wolf population reduction program appeared to stabilize the Little Smoky population, it did not lead to population increase.” To scapegoat one species for the sake of another, when the true issue is habitat loss, is both negligent and an exceptionally poor excuse as a management tool for the recovery of said species. In addition this study itself was condemned by scientists around the world for it’s cruelty and inhumane treatment of animals, program duration, and the way in which an unethical slaughter is being presented as scientific research in the publishing of a scientific study. In Canada, where animal welfare falls under provincial jurisdiction, most provinces have adopted Canadian Council of Animal Care in science (CCAC) standards when revising their regulations. To date, the following eight Canadian provinces have amended their respective legislation to directly reference CCAC standards: Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan.The inhumane kill methods, used then, such as the use of strychnine, would place the program in violation of the Alberta Animal Protection Act 2005, the guidelines of the Canadian Council for Animal Care, and in turn the policy of the local Animal Care Committee, which oversee the use of animals in research and experiments. 
The shooting of wolves with rifles from planes or helicopters. Wolves are
chased to the point of exhaustion and shot, or left wounded and traumatized. Rates of error, inhumane killings, and painful wounds are sure to result
of aerial gunning. Shooting a moving animal from a helicopter is prone to error and not conducive to shots that quickly render animals insensitive to pain or produce a consistently quick kill.” Ethical Standards during Conservation Crises Ryan K. BROOK1, Marc CATTET2, Chris T. DARIMONT3, Paul C. PAQUET4, Gilbert PROULX5
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CARIBOU PENS
Under the current range plan for caribou in Alberta, the government is proposing to fence in a one hundred square kilometer area (in the Little Smoky region) to farm caribou for the next fifty years. The idea behind this is to keep caribou safe from predators, especially during calving seasons in which caribou cows could safely rear calves. The calves would then be moved outside the fence after they were old enough. Some researchers are in favour of the "caribou zoos" - "About 95 per cent of the herd's range has been affected. It'll take years to restore, said Hervieux, and the pen is needed as an interim measure." However, many others are not. "Alberta's plan to restore a dwindling caribou herd by penning off a large tract of forest for pregnant cows would only produce "naive" calves that wouldn't survive outside the fence, says a scientific paper." Read more HERE and HERE Hebblewhite (a biologist from Montana that is familiar with the Alberta caribou issues) is also concerned about releasing caribou from a predator-free enclosure in that they would not know how to handle themselves in the wild. He pointed out a similar experiment with elk only saw one-quarter of the penned animals survive. This proposed caribou fencing program will cost hundreds of millions of dollars to maintain over 50 years - money that could be more effectively spent on alternative programs that focus on habitat restoration. The consensus among most scientists seems to be that fenced caribou calving grounds is far too little far too late and just another desperate reach to try and save caribou while allowing for continued habitat destruction. Read: Open letter from scientists and scholars about the Little Smoky caribou range plan: |
Suggestions/Recommendations
Focus must be on habitat restoration and halting any new activity and leasing by industries that put habitat in peril. Exploration and development of any new industrial operations must be remanded in caribou ranges. Stricter restrictions on timber harvest, and other proposed industrial activity and strict land disturbance limits. Alberta must suspend leasing and other resource extraction leases and permits in caribou habitat until an effective caribou recovery plan is put in place and resource operators commit to caribou recovery.
New regulations must be developed and implemented to ensure current operations do absolute minimal damage to caribou and other wildlife habitat. Linear disturbance in caribou habitat must be minimized. Select access routes must be shared by operators and un-used routes reclaimed as soon as possible.
Banning the use of strychnine and other poisons that are cruel and can affect non-target species. Poisons are not only indiscriminate but they do not resolve the issue of caribou loss. Furthermore, they are inhumane and are contributing to the very issues that these methods are intended to resolve. Read article: Maintaining Ethical Standards during Conservation Crises
The senseless, cruel, ineffective and smoke-screen of wolf killing must stop immediately. There is no scientific proof that wolf culls are increasing the caribou population. Wolves have been a scapegoat for the Alberta government for years as a way of saying "we are doing something". Wolf culling techniques are cruel, and outdated. Wolf cull will not save threatened Canadian caribou
Including/Inviting industry initiatives to become a larger part of the plan. Some corporations have taken initiative and started work on their own in regards to restoring habitat. From researching, monitoring and management strategies to undertaking hands-on restoration work in Alberta’s boreal forest, many of these actions would be more efficient if part of a larger plan. Read: Cenovus announces $32 million caribou habitat initiative
The Alberta Wilderness Association has a nice summary on potential solutions to some of the issues that most conservation groups and scientists find with the plan. Please view it here: Alberta Caribou plans: Boreal blockbuster, Foothills fiasco
New regulations must be developed and implemented to ensure current operations do absolute minimal damage to caribou and other wildlife habitat. Linear disturbance in caribou habitat must be minimized. Select access routes must be shared by operators and un-used routes reclaimed as soon as possible.
Banning the use of strychnine and other poisons that are cruel and can affect non-target species. Poisons are not only indiscriminate but they do not resolve the issue of caribou loss. Furthermore, they are inhumane and are contributing to the very issues that these methods are intended to resolve. Read article: Maintaining Ethical Standards during Conservation Crises
The senseless, cruel, ineffective and smoke-screen of wolf killing must stop immediately. There is no scientific proof that wolf culls are increasing the caribou population. Wolves have been a scapegoat for the Alberta government for years as a way of saying "we are doing something". Wolf culling techniques are cruel, and outdated. Wolf cull will not save threatened Canadian caribou
Including/Inviting industry initiatives to become a larger part of the plan. Some corporations have taken initiative and started work on their own in regards to restoring habitat. From researching, monitoring and management strategies to undertaking hands-on restoration work in Alberta’s boreal forest, many of these actions would be more efficient if part of a larger plan. Read: Cenovus announces $32 million caribou habitat initiative
The Alberta Wilderness Association has a nice summary on potential solutions to some of the issues that most conservation groups and scientists find with the plan. Please view it here: Alberta Caribou plans: Boreal blockbuster, Foothills fiasco
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Alberta Environment and Parks plans wolf cull around Cold Lake Alberta without public consult - as seen from a trapping forum in Alberta
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Links and News Articles:
Canada's 'walking dead' are on thin ice. Can they be saved?
Why Alberta is killing its wolves to save its caribou
Alberta continues wolf cull despite mixed evidence it's actually boosting the caribou population
Will Alberta’s Last-Ditch Effort to Save the Caribou Be Enough?Alberta Caribou plans: Boreal blockbuster, Foothills fiasco
Alberta plans to add 1.8 million hectares of protected range for woodland caribou
Alberta’s caribou recovery plan draws criticism from environmentalists
$32M Cenovus project aims to help threatened caribou near Alberta oilsands
Alberta Wilderness Association - Caribou
Caribou vs. wolf: Alberta's delicate balancing act
Northern Alberta company plants 80,000 trees to help restore caribou habitat
Why Alberta is killing its wolves to save its caribou
Alberta continues wolf cull despite mixed evidence it's actually boosting the caribou population
Will Alberta’s Last-Ditch Effort to Save the Caribou Be Enough?Alberta Caribou plans: Boreal blockbuster, Foothills fiasco
Alberta plans to add 1.8 million hectares of protected range for woodland caribou
Alberta’s caribou recovery plan draws criticism from environmentalists
$32M Cenovus project aims to help threatened caribou near Alberta oilsands
Alberta Wilderness Association - Caribou
Caribou vs. wolf: Alberta's delicate balancing act
Northern Alberta company plants 80,000 trees to help restore caribou habitat
| kill_wolves_to_help_caribou_cjz-2014-0142.pdf |
| maintaining_ethical_standards.pdf |
| addendum.pdf |
| awa_caribou_wolfkill_effect.pdf |
| 141_-_2017_-_fencing_caribou_in_western_alberta-2.pdf |
| littlesmokeyalapecherangeplan-draft-jun2-2016.pdf |
| ls_caribou_habitat.pdf |
| caribou_abviews-1.pdf |
| cpaws_guide_to_caribou_range_planning_vol_2_little_smoky.pdf |
| caribou___logging_cjz00-094.pdf |
| onthepathtocaribourecovery-may-2016.pdf |
| wolf_cull_will_not_save_threatened_canadian_caribou__nature_news___comment.pdf |
